![]() Thus, body composition technologies are important to enhance military readiness. At the opposite extreme, direct action missions may require intense sustained performance without recovery from a catabolic state for several days. For example, long-range surveillance teams may be in a detraining state, with loss of Type II muscle fibers as a result of remaining virtually motionless for prolonged periods of time in forward positions. Overweight individuals need scientifically based guidance in their attempts to comply with military fat standards through sensible fat weight reduction, enhancing (instead of inadvertently impairing) physical readiness.Īn understanding of physiological mechanisms to maximize fat oxidation and to increase nitrogen and calcium recycling can lead to interventions to minimize muscle and bone loss in special operations. Service members may be pregnant women concerned about trade-offs between appropriate weight gain for the health of their newborns and a prompt return-to-duty status following delivery.Īdolescent recruits are still physically immature and have not yet reached peak bone mineral accretion or peak muscle mass, yet these youngest soldiers are exposed to some of the Army's most physically demanding training. Some of these maladaptive changes in body composition are mediated through endocrine stress responses also associated with increased susceptibility to traumatic stress and reduced immunocompetence. Changes in body fat indicate shifts in energy balance, and changes in lean mass suggest adaptive or mal-adaptive responses to environmental stressors. Body composition is a critical aspect of this research, reflecting energy stores and other aspects of nutritional status, hydrational status, muscular strength potential, and risk for musculoskeletal injury. Military operational medicine research focuses on sustainment of the warfighter. Navy study that established the method of underwater weighing ("The specific gravity of healthy men: Body weight divided by volume as an index of obesity," Behnke et al., 1942) Technical limitations of using body density for estimation of body fat, noted in the U.S. ![]() Precise measurements, however, of this excess fat will necessarily await a knowledge of the relative percentage variation of the weight of the skeleton in lean persons. Excess fat is viewed as the prime factor governing the level of specific gravity.
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